Ribonucleic acid binding motif protein 20 sequence variants

ABSTRACT

This document relates to methods and materials for using nucleic acid and amino acid sequence variants of ribonucleic acid binding motif protein 20 (RBM20). For example, methods and materials for using nucleic acid sequence variants and/or their corresponding amino acid variants of RBM20 that are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy to identify mammals (e.g., humans) at risk of having dilated cardiomyopathy that is likely to progress to heart failure are provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/334,022, filed May 12, 2010. The disclosure of the prior application is considered part of (and is incorporated by reference in) the disclosure of this application.

STATEMENT AS TO FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH

Funding for the work described herein was provided by the federal government under grant number R01 HL071225, awarded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The federal government has certain rights in the invention.

BACKGROUND

1. Technical Field

This document relates to methods and materials for using nucleic acid and amino acid sequence variants of ribonucleic acid binding motif protein 20 (RBM20). For example, this document relates to methods and materials for using nucleic acid sequence variants and/or their corresponding amino acid variants of RBM20 that are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy to identify mammals (e.g., humans) at risk of having dilated cardiomyopathy that is likely to progress to heart failure.

2. Background Information

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle characterized by cardiac enlargement and impaired systolic function of the heart. The more dilated the heart becomes, the less it is able to contract and pump blood from the left ventricle into the aorta. Inefficient blood pumping can lead to ankle and abdominal swelling, fatigue, shortness of breath, palpitations, and irregular heartbeat. A collection of all or a few of these symptoms is indicative of heart failure. The primary manifestation of DCM is heart failure, a major public health concern with an estimated 5.7 Americans living with heart failure and 670,000 new diagnoses each year, according to the American Heart Association. Onset of heart failure symptoms in DCM typically portends advanced myocardial disease and risk for sudden death (Desai et al., JAMA, 292:2874-9 (2006)) after years of asymptomatic progression of heart muscle weakening.

In the majority of cases of DCM, the cause is unknown, and the condition is called idiopathic DCM. Idiopathic DCM is hereditary in at least 20% of cases (Michels et al., N. Eng. J. Med., 326:77-82 (1992)), suggesting genetic factors are important in its pathogenesis yet the basic mechanisms behind the pathogenicity of DCM remain largely unsolved. Familial cases of DCM provide an opportunity to discover unsuspected molecular bases, which could enable pre-clinical risk detection. In recent years, mutations in genes encoding contractile, cytoskeletal, nuclear membrane, calcium-regulating, and ion channel polypeptides have been associated with familial and sporadic DCM. Although these reports clearly establish DCM as a genetically heterogeneous disorder, the alterations in the molecular and cellular mechanisms leading to DCM as a result of these mutations remain poorly delineated.

SUMMARY

This document provides methods and materials for using nucleic acid and/or amino acid sequence variants of RBM20. For example, this document provides methods and materials for using nucleic acid sequence variants and/or their corresponding amino acid variants of RBM20 that are associated with dilated cardiomyopathy to identify mammals (e.g., humans) at risk of having dilated cardiomyopathy that is likely to progress to heart failure. As described herein, a mutation hotspot within a highly conserved arginine/serine (RS)-rich domain of RBM20 is associated with DCM. The presence or absence of RBM20 sequence variants in an individual can be used to determine whether or not the individual is at risk of having DCM that is likely to progress to heart failure.

In general, one aspect of this document features a method for assessing a human for the presence of or an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy. The method comprises, or consists essentially of, determining whether or not the human contains a mutation in a nucleic acid encoding RBM20, classifying the human as having or as being at an increased risk of developing said dilated cardiomyopathy if the mutation is present, and classifying the human as not having or s not being at an increased risk of developing the dilated cardiomyopathy if the mutation is absent. The method can comprise determining the presence of a mutation corresponding to a nucleotide change of RBM20 at position 1901, 1906, 1907, 1909, or 1913. The method can comprise recording an echocardiogram or performing electrocardiography on the human. These mutations may be determined using in situ hybridization and/or a nucleic acid detection assay.

In another aspect, this document features a method for assessing a human for the presence of or an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy. The method comprises, or consists essentially of, determining whether or not the human contains a mutation in the amino acid sequence of a RBM20, wherein the mutation is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, classifying the human as having or as being at an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy if the mutation is present, and classifying the human as not having or as not being at an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy if the mutation is absent. The method can comprise determining whether the mutation is within the arginine/serine-rich domain of RBM20. In some cases, the mutation can correspond to an amino acid change of RBM20 at position 634, 636, 637, or 638. The method can comprise recording an echocardiogram or performing electrocardiography on the human.

In some cases, the human can be a human having a family history of cardiomyopathy, heart failure, or sudden death at an early age. The family history can be identified by analyzing a family tree. In other cases, the human can be a human having a relative with cardiomyopathy or heart failure.

In another aspect, this document features an antibody that binds to an RBM20 variant polypeptide that is different than the wild type RBM20 polypeptide. In some cases, the antibody can lack the ability to bind to wild type RBM20.

In another aspect, this document features a kit comprising, or consisting essentially of, a pair of primers designed to amplify position 1901, 1906, 1907, 1909, or 1913 of RBM20 or a probe configured to detect a sequence variant at position 1901, 1906, 1907, 1909, or 1913 or RBM20.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention pertains. Although methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.

Other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description, and from the claims.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO:1) that is a portion of the RBM20 gene sequence (nucleotides 112571036-112573705) of GenBank® Accession No. NC_(—)000010.10 (GI No. 224589801). Exon 9 encoding the RS domain is indicated in bold text. The positions of the substitutions leading to the RBM20 Pro638Leu, Arg634Glu, Arg636Ser, Arg636His, and Ser637Gly mutations are underlined.

FIG. 2 is a nucleotide sequence that is the RBM20 coding sequence (nucleotides 59-3742 of GenBank® Accession No. NM_(—)00134363.1 (GI No. 197276593; SEQ ID NO:2). The positions of the substitutions leading to the RBM20 Pro638Leu, Arg634Glu, Arg636Ser, Arg636His, and Ser637Gly mutations are underlined and bold.

FIG. 3 is the RBM20 amino acid sequence (GenBank® Accession No. NP_(—)001127835.1 (GI No. 197276594; SEQ ID NO:3). The position of the RBM20 Pro638Leu, Arg634Glu, Arg636Ser, Arg636His, and Ser637Gly mutations are underlined and bold.

FIG. 4 is a pedigree structure for index families with hereditary DCM for (A) DC-12, a family with Scottish ancestry, and (B) DC-35, a family with Norwegian ancestry. Haplotypes for markers in the 10q25.2 chromosomal region, the location of RBM20, are shown in columns beneath family members who underwent genetic evaluation. Square=male; circle=female; solid=affected; open=unaffected; gray=clinical status unknown; parallel diagonal lines=suspected dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) on the basis of family history; slash through the symbol=deceased, with cause of/age at death indicated. Question marks indicate genotypes that could not be scored from paraffin-embedded samples. The RBM20 missense mutations (RBM20 mut), which cosegregate with DCM, are indicated by plus symbols; minus symbols indicate wild-type sequence. An asterisk represents the proband (first affected family member who sought medical attention for DCM symptoms). ALZ=Alzheimer's disease; CA=cancer; CHF=congestive heart failure; CVA=cerebrovascular accident; MI=myocardial infarction; MS=multiple sclerosis; MVA=motor vehicle accident; Pn=pneumonia; SD=sudden death; Tx=cardiac transplantation.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of the pedigrees of six additional DCM families with RBM20 mutations. Diamonds=two or more family members of both sexes; parentheses=inferred RBM20 mutation status. Other symbols and abbreviations are as defined in the description of FIG. 4.

FIG. 6A is mutation scans in exon 9 of RBM20 in 8 DCM families using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC). As compared to the control wild-type profile (gray), samples from DCM families were abnormal heteroduplex profiles, indicating DNA sequence alterations. Below the heteroduplex profiles, DNA sequencing revealed corresponding heterozygous missense mutations. The location of each mutation and its resultant amino acid substitution are based on predicted reference RBM20 complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) and protein sequences and are indicated below each chromatogram. Mutation c.1906 C>A, R636S was shared by three families, and c.1913 C>T, P638L was shared by two families.

FIG. 6B represents the predicted genomic structure of RBM20, consisting of 14 exons and is depicted to scale. Exons that encode peptides homologous to highly conserved functional domains—ribonucleic acid (RNA) recognition motif 1 (RRM-1), arginine/serine-rich region (RS-rich), and U1 zinc finger (zf-U1)—are indicated. Putative start (ATG) and stop (TGA) codons are located in exons 1 and 14, respectively. A polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) is located at the 3′ end of exon 14. Directly below the RBM20 genomic structure, cDNA amplification and sequencing confirmed transcription of messenger RNA from exons 2 to 14 in human heart tissue, as depicted by parallel alignment. The cDNA transcript contains the complete RS domain and identified RBM20 mutations in the 5′ region of exon 9.

FIG. 6C contains alignments of homologous RBM20 protein sequences that flank the amino acid substitutions. The RS domain spans residues 632 to 654, with arginine (R) and serine (S) residues indicated. Residues conserved between human RBM20 and another species are indicated by (•) and amino acid deletions by (-). Amino acids that are altered by the identified RBM20 missense mutations (residues 634, 636, 637, and 638, indicated with shading) are conserved among all eight species. Accession numbers: NP_(—)001127835.1 (GI No. 197276594) for human, XP_(—)50832 (GI No. 114632917) for chimpanzee, XP_(—)544017 (GI No. 57107611) for dog, XP_(—)603772 (GI No. 194678822) for cow, BAE24961 (GI No. 74209138) for mouse, NP_(—)001101081 (GI No. 255982592) for rat, XP_(—)421755 (GI No. 118093031) for chicken, XP_(—)683222 (GI No. 125851038) for zebrafish, and CAG01297 (GI No. 47214762) for pufferfish.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

This document provides RBM20 nucleic acid and amino acid sequence variants. Located on the human chromosome 10q25, the RBM20 gene contains 14 exons and encodes a protein of 1227 amino acid residues. The RBM20 protein comprises numerous domains, including a ribonucleic acid recognition motif 1 (RRM-1), an arginine/serine (RS)-rich region, and a U1 zinc finger (zf-U1). The RS domain is a highly conserved functional domain that is known to interact directly with intronic sequences in the pre-messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and mediate protein-protein interactions within the spliceosome, a large multiprotein complex that orchestrates constitutive and alternative splicing of pre-mRNA. The specific function of RBM20 in the human heart and how the downstream effects of RBM20 sequence variants cause DCM has yet to be elucidated, but detection of such RBM20 sequence variants can identify individuals likely to develop clinically aggressive DCM.

Nucleic Acid Molecules

Provided herein are isolated nucleic acids that include an RBM20 nucleic acid sequence. The RBM20 nucleic acid sequences include a nucleotide sequence variant and nucleotides flanking the sequence variant. As used herein, “isolated nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid that is separated from other nucleic acid molecules that are present in a mammalian genome, including nucleic acids that normally flank one or both sides of the nucleic acid in a mammalian genome (e.g., nucleic acids that encode non-RBM20 proteins). The term “isolated” as used herein with respect to nucleic acids also includes any non-naturally-occurring nucleic acid sequence since such non-naturally-occurring sequences are not found in nature and do not have immediately contiguous sequences in a naturally-occurring genome.

An isolated nucleic acid can be, for example, a DNA molecule, provided one of the nucleic acid sequences normally found immediately flanking that DNA molecule in a naturally-occurring genome is removed or absent. Thus, an isolated nucleic acid includes, without limitation, a DNA molecule that exists as a separate molecule (e.g., a chemically synthesized nucleic acid, or a cDNA or genomic DNA fragment produced by PCR or restriction endonuclease treatment) independent of other sequences as well as DNA that is incorporated into a vector, an autonomously replicating plasmid, a virus (e.g., a retrovirus, lentivirus, adenovirus, or herpes virus), or into the genomic DNA of a prokaryote or eukaryote. In addition, an isolated nucleic acid can include an engineered nucleic acid such as a recombinant DNA molecule that is part of a hybrid or fusion nucleic acid. A nucleic acid existing among hundreds to millions of other nucleic acids within, for example, cDNA libraries or genomic libraries, or gel slices containing a genomic DNA restriction digest, is not to be considered an isolated nucleic acid.

Nucleic acids provided herein are at least about 8 nucleotides in length. For example, the nucleic acid can be at least about 8, 9, 10-20 (e.g., 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, or 20 nucleotides in length), 10-50, 15-50, 20-50, 20-75, 50-100, or greater than 100 nucleotides in length (e.g., greater than 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 750, or 1000 nucleotides in length). Nucleic acids can be in a sense or antisense orientation, can be complementary to the RBM20 reference sequence, and can be DNA, RNA, or nucleic acid analogs. Nucleic acid analogs can be modified at the base moiety, sugar moiety, or phosphate backbone to improve, for example, stability, hybridization, or solubility of the nucleic acid. Modifications at the base moiety include deoxyuridine for deoxythymidine, and 5-methyl-2′-deoxycytidine or 5-bromo-2′-doxycytidine for deoxycytidine. Modifications of the sugar moiety include modification of the 2′ hydroxyl of the ribose sugar to form 2′-O-methyl or 2′-O-allyl sugars. The deoxyribose phosphate backbone can be modified to produce morpholino nucleic acids, in which each base moiety is linked to a six membered, morpholino ring, or peptide nucleic acids, in which the deoxyphosphate backbone is replaced by a pseudopeptide backbone and the four bases are retained. See, Summerton and Weller (1997) Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev., 7:187-195; and Hyrup et al. (1996) Bioorgan. Med. Chem., 4:5-23. In addition, the deoxyphosphate backbone can be replaced with, for example, a phosphorothioate or phosphorodithioate backbone, a phosphoroamidite, or an alkyl phosphotriester backbone.

As used herein, “nucleotide sequence variant” refers to any alteration in an RBM20 reference sequence, and includes variations that occur in coding and non-coding regions, including exons, introns, and untranslated sequences. Nucleotides are referred to herein by the standard one-letter designation (A, C, G, or T). Variations include single nucleotide substitutions, deletions of one or more nucleotides, and insertions of one or more nucleotides. The reference RBM20 nucleic acid sequence is provided in GenBank® (Accession No. NC_(—)000010.10; GI No. 224589801); a portion of this sequence is provided in FIG. 1 and SEQ ID NO:1. The reference RBM20 coding sequence is provided in GenBank® (CCDS44477.1) and FIG. 2 and SEQ ID NO:2, and the corresponding reference RBM20 amino acid sequence is provided in GenBank® (NP_(—)001127835.1; GI No. 197276594) and FIG. 3 and SEQ ID NO:3. The mRNA reference sequence also is found in GenBank® (Accession No. NM_(—)001134363.1; GI No. 197276593). The nucleic acid and amino acid reference sequences also are referred to herein as “wild type.”

In some embodiments, an RBM20 nucleotide sequence variant encodes an RBM20 polypeptide having an altered amino acid sequence. The term “polypeptide” refers to a chain of at least four amino acid residues (e.g., 4-8, 9-12, 13-15, 16-18, 19-21, 22-100, 100-150, 150-200, 200-250, 250-500, 500-1000, 1000-1500, 1500-2500 residues, or a full-length RBM20 polypeptide). RBM20 polypeptides may or may not have the ability to bind pre-mRNA or proteins, or may have altered binding strengths relative to the reference RBM20 polypeptide. Polypeptides that do not have high binding affinity or have altered binding affinity can be useful for diagnostic purposes (e.g., for producing antibodies having specific binding affinity for variant RBM20 polypeptides).

Corresponding RBM20 polypeptides, irrespective of length, that differ in amino acid sequence are herein referred to as variants. For example, an RBM20 nucleic acid sequence that includes an adenine at position 1901 relative to the adenine in the translation initiation codon, position 1901 of SEQ ID NO:2, (c.1901 G>A) encodes a RBM20 polypeptide having a glutamine at amino acid residue 634. This polypeptide (Arg634Gln) would be considered a variant with respect to the reference RBM20 polypeptide that contains an arginine at amino acid residue 634. Additional non-limiting examples of RBM20 sequence variants that alter amino acid sequence include variants at nucleotides 1906, 1907, 1909, and 1913 relative to the adenine in the translation initiation codon (positions 1906, 1907, 1909, and 1913, respectively, of SEQ ID NO:2). For example, an RBM20 nucleic acid molecule can include an adenine at nucleotide 1906 (c.1906 C>A) and encode an RBM20 polypeptide having a serine at amino acid residue 636 in place of an arginine residue (Arg636Ser); or an adenine at nucleotide 1907 (c.1907 G>A) and encode an RBM20 polypeptide having a histidine at amino acid residue 636 in place of an arginine residue (Arg636His); or a guanine at nucleotide 1909 (c.1909 A>G) and encode an RBM20 polypeptide having a glycine at amino acid residue 637 in place of a serine residue (Ser637Gly); or a thymine at nucleotide 1913 (c.1913 C>T) and encode an RBM20 polypeptide having a leucine amino acid residue 638 in place of a proline residue (Pro638Leu).

RBM20 variants as described above are encoded by a series of RBM20 alleles. These alleles represent nucleic acid sequences containing sequence variants typically multiple sequence variants, within coding and non-coding sequences. Representative examples of single nucleotide variants are described herein. The potential complexity of RBM20 binding characteristics emphasizes a need for determining single nucleotide variants (i.e., single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) as well as complete RBM20 haplotypes (i.e., the set of alleles on one chromosome or a part of a chromosome) of patients.

In some embodiments, a RBM20 nucleic acid molecule can consist essentially of at least ten (e.g., at least 12, at least 15, at least 18, at least 20, or at least 25) contiguous nucleotides of a RBM20 reference sequence (e.g., SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:2). Such nucleic acids can contain an adenine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1901 of SEQ ID NO:2; or an adenine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1906 of SEQ ID NO:2; or an adenine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1907 of SEQ ID NO:2; or a guanine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1909 of SEQ ID NO:2; or an adenine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1913 of SEQ ID NO:2. An RBM20 nucleic acid “consisting essentially of” a particular sequence has the basic and novel characteristic that it can be used to distinguish, based upon hybridization, a nucleic acid having a sequence that contains a variant from a corresponding nucleic acid having a sequence that does not contain the variant (e.g., a wild type sequence). Such nucleic acid molecules can include additional sequences or labels (e.g., a tag or a fluorescent label as disclosed herein), provided that such additions do not affect the basic and novel characteristic of the nucleic acid molecules.

Isolated nucleic acid molecules can be produced using standard techniques, including, without limitation, common molecular cloning and chemical nucleic acid synthesis techniques. For example, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques can be used to obtain an isolated nucleic acid containing an RBM20 nucleotide sequence variant. PCR refers to a procedure or technique in which target nucleic acids are enzymatically amplified. Sequence information from the ends of the region of interest or beyond typically is employed to design oligonucleotide primers that are identical in sequence to opposite strands of the template to be amplified. PCR can be used to amplify specific sequences from DNA as well as RNA, including sequences from total genomic DNA or total cellular RNA. Primers are typically 14 to 40 nucleotides in length, but can range from 10 nucleotides to hundreds of nucleotides in length. General PCR techniques are described, for example in PCR Primer: A Laboratory Manual, ed. by Dieffenbach and Dveksler, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995. When using RNA as a source of template, reverse transcriptase can be used to synthesize complementary DNA (cDNA) strands. Ligase chain reaction, strand displacement amplification, self-sustained sequence replication, or nucleic acid sequence-based amplification also can be used to obtain isolated nucleic acids. See, for example, Lewis (1992) Genetic Engineering News 12:1; Guatelli et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:1874-1878; and Weiss (1991) Science 254:1292.

Isolated nucleic acids also can be chemically synthesized, either as a single nucleic acid molecule (e.g., using automated DNA synthesis in the 3′ to 5′ direction using phosphoramidite technology) or as a series of oligonucleotides. For example, one or more pairs of long oligonucleotides (e.g., >100 nucleotides) can be synthesized that contain the desired sequence, with each pair containing a short segment of complementarity (e.g., about 15 nucleotides) such that a duplex is formed when the oligonucleotide pair is annealed. DNA polymerase is used to extend the oligonucleotides, resulting in a single, double-stranded nucleic acid molecule per oligonucleotide pair, which then can be ligated into a vector.

Isolated nucleic acids also can be obtained by mutagenesis. For example, the reference sequences depicted in FIG. 1 or 2 can be mutated using standard techniques including oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis through PCR. See, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 8, Green Publishing Associates and John Wiley & Sons, edited by Ausubel et al., 1992. Examples of positions that can be modified include those described herein.

RBM20 Polypeptides

Isolated RBM20 polypeptides provided herein include an amino acid sequence variant relative to the reference RBM20 (SEQ ID NO:3; GenBank® Accession No. NP_(—)001127835.1). The term “isolated” as used with respect to an RBM20 polypeptide refers to a polypeptide that has been separated from cellular components by which it is naturally accompanied. Typically, the polypeptide is isolated when it is at least 60% (e.g., 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or 99%), by weight, free from proteins and naturally-occurring organic molecules with which it is naturally associated. In general, an isolated polypeptide will yield a single major band on a non-reducing polyacrylamide gel.

RBM20 polypeptides can include sequence variants at amino acid residues 634, 636, 637, or 638. In particular, a glutamine residue can be substituted at position 634, a serine or histidine residue can be substituted at position 636, a glycine residue can be substituted at position 637, a leucine can be substituted at position 639, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, binding characteristics of RBM20 polypeptides to either pre-mRNA or other proteins is altered relative to the reference RBM20. Certain RBM20 mutants can have reduced binding affinities, while other mutants can have binding affinities that are comparable to the reference RBM20. Other mutants can have increased binding affinities relative to the reference RBM20. Binding affinities of RBM20 polypeptides can be assessed in vitro. For example, surface plasmon resonance may be used for studying real-time biomolecular interactions.

In bacterial systems, a strain of Escherichia coli can be used to express RBM20 mutant polypeptides. For example, BL-21 cells can be transformed with a pGEX vector containing an RBM20 nucleic acid sequence. The transformed bacteria can be grown exponentially and then stimulated with isopropylthiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) prior to harvesting. RBM20-GST fusion proteins produced from the pGEX expression vector can be purified from lysed cells by adsorption to glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the expressed RBM20 polypeptide can be released from the GST moiety.

In eukaryotic host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems can be utilized to express RBM20 variant polypeptides. A nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide can be cloned into, for example, a baculoviral vector such as pBlueBac (Invitrogen) and then used to co-transfect insect cells such as Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells with wild type DNA from Autographa californica multinuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). Recombinant viruses producing polypeptides can be identified by standard methodology. Alternatively, a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide can be introduced into a SV40, retroviral, or vaccinia based viral vector and used to infect suitable host cells.

Eukaryotic cell lines that stably express RBM20 variant polypeptides can be produced using expression vectors with the appropriate control elements and a selectable marker. For example, the eukaryotic expression vector pCR3.1 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif.) and p91023(B) (see Wong et al. (1985) Science 228:810-815) or modified derivatives thereof are suitable for expression of RBM20 variant polypeptides in, for example, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, COS-1 cells, human embryonic kidney 293 cells, NIH3T3 cells, BHK21 cells, MDCK cells, and human vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC). Following introduction of the expression vector by electroporation, lipofection, calcium phosphate or calcium chloride co-precipitation, DEAE dextran, or other suitable transfection method, stable cell lines are selected, for example, by antibiotic resistance to G418, kanamycin, or hygromycin. Alternatively, amplified sequences can be ligated into a eukaryotic expression vector such as pCR3.1, pcDNA3.1 (Invitrogen), or pcDNA4/HisMax TOPO (Promega) and then transcribed and translated in vitro using wheat germ extract or rabbit reticulocyte lysate.

RBM20 variant polypeptides can be purified by known chromatographic methods including ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. RBM20 polypeptides can be “engineered” to contain a tag sequence described herein that allows the polypeptide to be purified (e.g., captured onto an affinity matrix). Immunoaffinity chromatography also can be used to purify RBM20 polypeptides.

Detecting RBM20 Sequence Variants

RBM20 nucleotide sequence variants can be detected, for example, by sequencing exons, introns, 5′ untranslated sequences, or 3′ untranslated sequences, by performing allele-specific hybridization, allele-specific restriction digests, mutation specific polymerase chain reactions (MSPCR), by single-stranded conformational polymorphism (SSCP) detection (Schafer et al. (1995) Nat. Biotechnol. 15:33-39), denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC, Underhill et al. (1997) Genome Res. 7:996-1005), infrared matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (IR-MALDI) mass spectrometry (WO 99/57318), and combinations of such methods. Other useful detection techniques include, but are not limited to fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), direct DNA sequencing, PFGE analysis, Southern blot analysis, RNase protection assay, allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO), dot blot analysis, or DNA microchip technology.

Genomic DNA generally is used in the analysis of RBM20 nucleotide sequence variants, although mRNA also can be used. Genomic DNA is typically extracted from a biological sample such as a peripheral blood sample, but can be extracted from other biological samples, including tissues (e.g., mucosal scrapings of the lining of the mouth or from renal or hepatic tissue). Routine methods can be used to extract genomic DNA from a blood or tissue sample, including, for example, phenol extraction. Alternatively, genomic DNA can be extracted with kits such as the QIAamp® Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Chatsworth, Calif.), Wizard® Genomic DNA purification kit (Promega) and the A.S.A.P.™ Genomic DNA isolation kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Ind.).

Typically, an amplification step is performed before proceeding with the detection method. For example, exons or introns of the RBM20 gene can be amplified then directly sequenced. Dye primer sequencing can be used to increase the accuracy of detecting heterozygous samples.

Nucleic acid molecules provided herein can be used to detect variant RBM20 sequences. For example, allele specific hybridization also can be used to detect sequence variants, including complete haplotypes of a mammal (e.g., a human). See, Stoneking et al. (1991) Am. J. Hum. Genet. 48:370-382; and Prince et al. (2001) Genome Res. 11:152-162. In practice, samples of DNA or RNA from one or more mammals can be amplified using pairs of primers and the resulting amplification products can be immobilized on a substrate (e.g., in discrete regions). Hybridization conditions are selected such that a nucleic acid probe can specifically bind to the sequence of interest, e.g., the variant nucleic acid sequence. Such hybridizations typically are performed under high stringency as some sequence variants include only a single nucleotide difference. High stringency conditions can include the use of low ionic strength solutions and high temperatures for washing. For example, nucleic acid molecules can be hybridized at 42° C. in 2×SSC (0.3M NaCl/0.03 M sodium citrate/0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and washed in 0.1×SSC (0.015M NaCl/0.0015 M sodium citrate), 0.1% SDS at 65° C.

Hybridization conditions can be adjusted to account for unique features of the nucleic acid molecule, including length and sequence composition. Probes can be labeled (e.g., fluorescently) to facilitate detection. In some embodiments, one of the primers used in the amplification reaction is biotinylated (e.g., 5′ end of reverse primer) and the resulting biotinylated amplification product is immobilized on an avidin or streptavidin coated substrate.

Allele-specific restriction digests can be performed in the following manner. For nucleotide sequence variants that introduce a restriction site, restriction digest with the particular restriction enzyme can differentiate the alleles. For RBM20 sequence variants that do not alter a common restriction site, mutagenic primers can be designed that introduce a restriction site when the variant allele is present or when the wild type allele is present. A portion of RBM20 nucleic acid can be amplified using the mutagenic primer and a wild type primer, followed by digest with the appropriate restriction endonuclease.

Certain variants, such as insertions or deletions of one or more nucleotides, change the size of the DNA fragment encompassing the variant. The insertion or deletion of nucleotides can be assessed by amplifying the region encompassing the variant and determining the size of the amplified products in comparison with size standards. For example, a region of RBM20 nucleic acid can be amplified using a primer set from either side of the variant. One of the primers is typically labeled, for example, with a fluorescent moiety, to facilitate sizing. The amplified products can be electrophoresed through acrylamide gels with a set of size standards that are labeled with a fluorescent moiety that differs from the primer.

PCR conditions and primers can be developed that amplify a product only when the variant allele is present or only when the wild type allele is present (MSPCR or allele-specific PCR). For example, patient DNA and a control can be amplified separately using either a wild type primer or a primer specific for the variant allele. Each set of reactions is then examined for the presence of amplification products using standard methods to visualize the DNA. For example, the reactions can be electrophoresed through an agarose gel and the DNA visualized by staining with ethidium bromide or other DNA intercalating dye. In DNA samples from heterozygous patients, reaction products would be detected in each reaction. Patient samples containing solely the wild type allele would have amplification products only in the reaction using the wild type primer. Similarly, patient samples containing solely the variant allele would have amplification products only in the reaction using the variant primer. Allele-specific PCR also can be performed using allele-specific primers that introduce priming sites for two universal energy transfer-labeled primers (e.g., one primer labeled with a green dye such as fluorescein and one primer labeled with a red dye such as sulforhodamine). Amplification products can be analyzed for green and red fluorescence in a plate reader. See, Myakishev et al. (2001) Genome Res. 11:163-169.

Mismatch cleavage methods also can be used to detect differing sequences by PCR amplification, followed by hybridization with the wild type sequence and cleavage at points of mismatch. Chemical reagents, such as carbodiimide or hydroxylamine and osmium tetroxide can be used to modify mismatched nucleotides to facilitate cleavage.

Alternatively, RBM20 variants can be detected by antibodies that have specific binding affinity for variant RBM20 polypeptides. Variant RBM20 polypeptides can be produced in various ways, including recombinantly, as discussed above. Host animals such as rabbits, chickens, mice, guinea pigs, and rats can be immunized by injection of an RBM20 variant polypeptide. Various adjuvants that can be used to increase the immunological response depend on the host species and include Freund's adjuvant (complete and incomplete), mineral gels such as aluminum hydroxide, surface active substances such as lysolecithin, pluronic polyols, polyanions, peptides, oil emulsions, keyhole limpet hemocyanin, and dinitrophenol. Polyclonal antibodies are heterogeneous populations of antibody molecules that are contained in the sera of the immunized animals. Monoclonal antibodies, which are homogeneous populations of antibodies to a particular antigen, can be prepared using an RBM20 variant polypeptide and standard hybridoma technology. In particular, monoclonal antibodies can be obtained by any technique that provides for the production of antibody molecules by continuous cell lines in culture such as described by Kohler et al. (1975) Nature 256:495, the human B-cell hybridoma technique (Kosbor et al. (1983) Immunology Today 4:72; Cote et al. (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80:2026), and the EBV-hybridoma technique (Cole et al., Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer Therapy, Alan R. Liss, Inc., pp. 77-96 (1983). Such antibodies can be of any immunoglobulin class including IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD and any subclass thereof. A hybridoma producing monoclonal antibodies can be cultivated in vitro or in vivo.

Antibody fragments that have specific binding affinity for an RBM20 variant polypeptide can be generated using known techniques. For example, such fragments include but are not limited to F(ab′)2 fragments that can be produced by pepsin digestion of the antibody molecule, and Fab fragments that can be generated by reducing the disulfide bridges of F(ab′)2 fragments. Alternatively, Fab expression libraries can be constructed. See, for example, Huse et al., Science, 246:1275 (1989). Once produced, antibodies or fragments thereof are tested for recognition of RBM20 variant polypeptides by standard immunoassay methods including ELISA techniques, radioimmunoassays and Western blotting. See, Short Protocols in Molecular Biology, Chapter 11, Green Publishing Associates and John Wiley & Sons, edited by Ausubel et al., 1992.

Methods

This document provides methods that can be used to determine whether a mammal (e.g., a human) is at risk for dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). For example a method of screening RBM20 can include determining whether the mammal has an adenine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1901 of SEQ ID NO:2, an adenine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1906 of SEQ ID NO:2, an adenine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1907 of SEQ ID NO:2, a guanine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1909 of SEQ ID NO:2, or a thymine substitution at the position corresponding to nucleotide 1913 of SEQ ID NO:2. If the RBM20 nucleotide sequence variant is present, the mammal has or is at risk for RBM20-related DCM and heart failure.

The methods provided herein can be used to predict whether a mammal (e.g., a human) will develop DCM and heart failure, based on the presence or absence of an RBM20 mutation. In some cases, a human may have a family history of DCM or sudden death related to cardiac problem. Family history or relatives with DCM or cardiac problems can be identified by examining medical records or family tree history. The methods can also be used to identify the underlying cause of familial DCM. The methods can also be used to identify relatives of affected mammals likely to develop DCM and heart failure. Thus, these methods can facilitate decisions regarding the course of evaluation and treatment in humans with and without RBM20 mutations. For example, if an RBM20 sequence variant is detected, follow-up echocardiograms could be scheduled on an annual basis to monitor and detect dilation and/or reduced contractility of the heart before the development of symptomatic, advanced DCM. Early detection would enable early initiation of medications like beta-adrenergic receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors proven to slow progression of the disease to end-stage heart failure. Because RBM20-related DCM is associated with sudden death, detection of RBM20 mutations could contribute to risk stratification and the decision whether to implant a cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) for primary prevention of sudden death.

This document also provides methods and materials to assist medical or research professionals in determining whether or not a mammal (e.g., a human) is likely to develop DCM and heart failure. Medical professionals can be, for example, doctors, nurses, medical laboratory technologists, and pharmacists. Research professionals can be, for example, principle investigators, research technicians, postdoctoral trainees, and graduate students. A professional can be assisted by (1) determining whether a subject has a RBM20 sequence variant, and (2) communicating information about the RBM20 sequence variant to that professional.

In some embodiments, a method for assessing the likelihood that a subject will develop DCM can include receiving a biological sample obtained from the subject, assaying the sample to determine whether it contains a RBM20 sequence variant, communicating to a medical professional information about whether the RBM20 sequence variant is present in the sample, and, in some cases, before or after the first step, communicating to a medical professional information indicating that the presence of the sequence variant correlates with development of DCM.

After information regarding whether a subject has a RBM20 sequence variant is reported, a medical professional can take one or more actions that can affect patient care. For example, a medical professional can record the information in a subject's medical record. In some cases, a medical professional can record that the subject is likely or not likely to develop DCM, or otherwise transform the patient's medical record, to reflect the patient's medical condition. In some cases, a medical professional can review and evaluate a patient's medical record, and can assess multiple treatment strategies for clinical intervention of a patient's condition.

A medical professional can communicate information regarding RBM20 sequence analysis to a subject or a subject's family. In some cases, a medical professional can provide a subject and/or a subject's family with information regarding therapy for DCM, including treatment options and potential side effects or using an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). In some cases, a medical professional can provide a copy of a subject's medical records to communicate information regarding RBM20 sequence analysis and/or disease states to a specialist.

In some cases, a medical professional can provide a subject or a subject's family with information regarding the likelihood of inheritance of the RBM20 sequence variant and the likelihood that family members will also develop DCM.

A research professional can apply information regarding a subject's RBM20 sequence variant to advance research into treatment for DCM. For example, a researcher can compile data on the presence of the RBM20 sequence variant with information regarding the efficacy of a therapy, or side effects associated with the therapy. In some cases, a research professional can determine whether a subject has the RBM20 sequence variant to evaluate the subject's enrollment, or continued participation in a research study or clinical trial. In some cases, a research professional can communicate whether a subject has the RBM20 sequence variant to a medical professional, or can refer a subject to a medical professional for clinical assessment and/or treatment.

Any appropriate method can be used to communicate information to another person (e.g., a professional), and information can be communicated directly or indirectly. For example, a laboratory technician can input biomarker information into a computer-based record. In some cases, information can be communicated by making a physical alteration to medical or research records. For example, a medical professional can make a permanent notation or flag a medical record for communicating information to other medical professionals reviewing the record. Any type of communication can be used (e.g., mail, e-mail, telephone, and face-to-face interactions). Information also can be communicated to a professional by making that information electronically available to the professional. For example, information can be placed on a computer database such that a medical professional can access the information. In addition, information can be communicated to a hospital, clinic, or research facility serving as an agent for the professional.

Articles of Manufacture

Articles of manufacture also are provided herein, and can include populations of isolated RBM20 nucleic acid molecules or RBM20 polypeptides immobilized on a substrate. Suitable substrates provide a base for the immobilization of the nucleic acids or polypeptides, and in some embodiments, allow immobilization of nucleic acids or polypeptides into discrete regions. In embodiments in which the substrate includes a plurality of discrete regions, different populations of isolated nucleic acids or polypeptides can be immobilized in each discrete region. Thus, each discrete region of the substrate can include a different RBM20 nucleic acid or RBM20 polypeptide sequence variant. Such articles of manufacture can include two or more sequence variants of RBM20, or can include all of the sequence variants known for RBM20. For example, the article of manufacture can include one or more of the sequence variants identified herein and one or more other RBM20 sequence variants. Furthermore, nucleic acid molecules containing sequence variants for other DCM-related sequences can be included on the substrate.

Suitable substrates can be of any shape or form and can be constructed from, for example, glass, silicon, metal, plastic, cellulose, or a composite. For example, a suitable substrate can include a multiwell plate or membrane, a glass slide, a chip, or polystyrene or magnetic beads. Nucleic acid molecules or polypeptides can be synthesized in situ, immobilized directly on the substrate, or immobilized via a linker, including by covalent, ionic, or physical linkage. Linkers for immobilizing nucleic acids and polypeptides, including reversible or cleavable linkers, are known in the art. See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,683 and WO98/20019. Immobilized nucleic acid molecules are typically about 20 nucleotides in length, but can vary from about 10 nucleotides to about 1000 nucleotides in length.

In practice, a sample of DNA or RNA from a subject can be amplified, the amplification product hybridized to an article of manufacture containing populations of isolated nucleic acid molecules in discrete regions, and hybridization can be detected. Typically, the amplified product is labeled to facilitate detection of hybridization. See, for example, Hacia et al. (1996) Nature Genet. 14:441-447; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,770,772 and 5,733,729.

The invention will be further described in the following examples, which do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Mutations in RBM20 Cause Familial DCM Study Populations and Ascertainments:

Patients with DCM evaluated at the Mayo Clinic in the years 1987 to 1992 and 1999 to 2008 and their relatives were recruited, and medical records were reviewed. 280 unrelated probands were enrolled; familial DCM was confirmed in 24% (DCM documented in ≧1 first degree relative) and suspected in 27% (on the basis of history alone). Family history of sudden death was present in 18%. The 8 families described in the current study were white and of northern European ancestry by self-reporting. An ethnically matched group of 480 control subjects with normal echocardiograms was randomly selected from a community-based cohort (Redfield et al., JAMA 289:194-202 (2003)). This study was approved by the appropriate institutional review board and appropriate informed consent was obtained from all participants.

Echocardiograms in relatives were performed for clinical indications or under the auspices of the research study. Diagnostic criteria for DCM were: lack of an identifiable cause for disease, left ventricular diastolic and/or systolic dimensions >95th percentile indexed for body surface area (Henry, et al., Circ. 62:1054-1061 (1980)), and left ventricular ejection fraction <50%. Subjects with normal echocardiograms were classified as “unaffected,” and those with equivocal or insufficient data were classified as “uncertain.” Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from peripheral-blood white cells (Puregene Blood Kit, Gentra/QIAGEN, Valencia, Calif.) or from paraffin-embedded tissue (QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit, QIAGEN).

Linkage Analysis and Fine Mapping:

Genome-wide linkage analysis was performed with the ABI PRISM Linkage Mapping Set MD10, version 2.5 (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif.), consisting of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primer pairs for 400 short tandem repeat markers. After PCR amplification of DNA samples, fragments were resolved on an ABI PRISM 3130xl, and genotypes were scored with GeneMapper Software (Applied Biosystems). Two-point and multipoint linkage analyses were performed using the FASTLINK program and specification of the following variables: a phenocopy rate of 0.001, equal marker allele frequencies, and dichotomous liability classes (“affected” and “unaffected”). For mutations, a frequency of 0.001 was specified. Logarithm of the odds (LOD) scores were determined for affected subjects only and for 80% and 100% penetrance models at recombination frequencies of 0.0 to 0.4.

Fine locus mapping was performed with microsatellite markers on physical maps, accessible on the website of the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). Genotyping was accomplished by PCR amplification of DNA radiolabeled with [alpha³²P] deoxycytidine triphosphate, resolution of alleles by polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, and visualization by autoradiography. Scored genotypes were assembled as haplotypes to define the critical region.

Mutation Detection and Haplotype Analysis

Expression profiles of candidate genes, derived from Affymetrix GeneChip® array data for 12 normal human tissues (accession GDS424) or 61 normal mouse tissues (accession GDS592), were assessed by searching the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) link on the NCBI website. The genomic structure of RBM20 was based on predicted reference messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) sequence (accession NM_(—)001134363.1), retrieved from NCBI. Primer pairs were designed for genomic DNA PCR-amplification of the coding regions of the 14 predicted exons (Table 1), with Oligo Primer Analysis Software, version 6.71 (Molecular Biology Insights, Cascade, Colo.). For sequencing, amplified products were treated with ExoSAP-IT (USB Corp., Cleveland, Ohio) and sequenced by the dye-terminator method with use of an ABI PRISM 3730xl DNA Analyzer (Applied Biosystems). The DNA sequences were viewed and analyzed with Sequencher, version 4.5 DNA analysis software (Gene Codes Corp., Ann Arbor, Mich.). The reference mRNA and derived protein sequence (accession NP_(—)001127835.1) were used for annotation of identified mutations.

Denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) heteroduplex analysis (WAVE DHPLC System, Transgenomic, Omaha, Nebr.) was used to screen for sequence variants in our DCM cohort and control samples. Ideal buffer gradients and column melting temperatures were determined with Transgenomic Navigator software version 1.7.0 Build 25 and subsequent optimization (Table 1). PCR reactions contained final concentrations of 0.2 mmol/L AmpliTaq Gold PCR Buffer II (Applied Biosystems)+dNTPs, 2.0 mmol/L MgCl₂, 0.4 μM forward and reverse primers respectively, 6.25 ng template DNA and 0.0125 U AmpliTaq Gold DNA Polymerase. Reactions began with a 10 minute hot start at 95° C. and cycled at 95° C. for 30 seconds, the indicated annealing temperature for 30 seconds and 72° C. extension for 30 seconds for 30 cycles. Reactions ended with a 72° C. 10 minute final extension step. The asterisk indicates Exon 1 reactions additionally included final concentrations of 0.3 mol/L betaine and 6% DMSO, and reactions were subjected to 40 cycles at the indicated annealing temperature. Exon 1 amplicons were electrophoresed, excised from a 3% agarose gel and extracted using the QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (QIAGEN) according to manufacturer protocol prior to ExoSAP-IT treatment and automated sequencing.

Chromatographic elution profiles of amplified fragments were compared against the wild-type homoduplex pattern; samples yielding anomalous traces were selected for sequencing. To test for a common founder among families with the same RBM20 mutation, haplotypes for mutant alleles were constructed from an intragenic tetranucleotide-repeat sequence and single nucleotide polymorphisms, identified by sequencing family members.

TABLE 1 RBM20 PCR Primers and Conditions for Genomic DNA Sequence and Heteroduplex Analyses. Annealing DHPLC Tempera- Melting tures Temperatures Exon Forward Primer (5′→3′) Reverse Primer (5′→3′) (° C.) (° C.)  1 GGGAAGGACAAGGGGACTG (SEQ ID NO: 4) AACAGCCAGAAGGACACCGACT (SEQ ID NO: 5)  62* 62.9  2.1 CCAGCTGTGCATCTAGACC (SEQ ID NO: 6) GCTTTGCCATACTCATAGAAT (SEQ ID NO: 7) 58 62, 62.3  2.2 TACCCGGTTTCCCTCTAATG (SEQ ID NO: 8) GTTCCTCGGGGTCGTACAG (SEQ ID NO: 9) 60 61.8  2.3 CCCAACTCCCAAGGTTCAC (SEQ ID NO: 10) CTCCCAGCCTGTCTTGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 11) 58 62.7  3 TCCCTGCCTGACCAGTGTC (SEQ ID NO: 12) CTGTCCTCCTGAACAGCACTTA (SEQ ID NO: 13) 62 59.9  4 CCGGTTTCCCTTTCTCG (SEQ ID NO: 14) GCTTTCTACATCCGTGAGA (SEQ ID NO: 15) 54 59.2, 61.2  5 CAGAGGTACAATCATGCCAATC (SEQ ID NO: 16) CTTGGGACCAGGAGTTAGTTCA (SEQ ID NO: 17) 64 52.8, 55.4, 57.8  6 GTTTAGGGGAAAGATAGCCATTA (SEQ ID NO: 18) ATCACCAGCAAAAACACCTACGC (SEQ ID NO: 19) 64 58.3, 58.8, 60.8  7 ATGCCTTGTGCTGAATCTTG (SEQ ID NO: 20) AACACGGAGGAGAAACTCAT (SEQ ID NO: 21) 58 56.3, 58.1  8 CCCCACCCAGTTCAGCATTATA (SEQ ID NO: 22) AGAACAGGGCACAGCATGACTC (SEQ ID NO: 23) 66 57.3, 60.1, 61.9  9.1 AGAGTTGGGAGTTAAGAGTGTA (SEQ ID NO: 24) GCTGCTGCTTCAGATACTTGT (SEQ ID NO: 25) 62 64.2  9.2 AACTGGACAAGGCTGAGTTGGAC (SEQ ID NO: 26) TGGGGAAGAAATTGATCATTAC (SEQ ID NO: 27) 60 56.7, 62.8 10 AGAGCTGGGACCTGCATTCAATA (SEQ ID NO: 28) ATGTGGGTAAAGATCGCTTCA (SEQ ID NO: 29) 60 57.5, 59.7 11.1 TGATTTGAGTGGTCCTTATGGC (SEQ ID NO: 30) CCAGGCATTTCCACGTCCATGT (SEQ ID NO: 31) 64 59.7, 60.1 11.2 AGAAATTGTGCCCATTGAC (SEQ ID NO: 32) TGAGGAAAGGGGAGATAGTTAC (SEQ ID NO: 33) 54 57.6, 61, 61.4 12 TGCCTTGGTTCATGTTTT (SEQ ID NO: 34) CAAAATGCCAAAAAGCTCTC (SEQ ID NO: 35) 50 58.3 13 TCAGTAACCAGCCAAGGTCAAC (SEQ ID NO: 36) AGAGCAGCCTGATGGAATCAAG (SEQ ID NO: 37) 66 58.3, 61.7 14 GATTGAGGCATGTCCG (SEQ ID NO: 38) ACACCTGGGTGACTTGCT (SEQ ID NO: 39) 50 60.3, 61.1, 62.7 Cardiac mRNA Expression and Protein Structure Analysis

Total RNA was extracted from frozen human heart tissue (RNeasy Fibrous Tissue Midi Kit, QIAGEN), and 1.0 μg was reverse transcribed with an oligo(dT) primer to produce complementary deoxyribonucleic acid (cDNA) from mRNA (SMART RACE cDNA Amplification Kit, Clontech, Mountain View, Calif.). Primers cDNA-F (CCTACCCCAGATCATCCAAAATGC; SEQ ID NO:40) and cDNA-R (AACAAACACTTTGCAGTCAGTTATACA; SEQ ID NO:41) were designed to PCR amplify and sequence 5′-RACE-Ready cDNA, spanning the RBM20 region containing the identified mutations. A subsequent nested reaction with primers cDNA-2F (GAACCCATTCTCGGTCAGTAACCC; SEQ ID NO:42) and cDNA-2F/3′UTR-R (TCTCTCTGCCCTTCCTCCATTAGT SEQ ID NO:43) was performed to provide optimal sequence quality. The RBM20 reference protein sequence was subjected to a Conserved Domain Database search performed with BLASTP, accessed on the NCBI website, to identify conserved structural domains. Conservation of amino acids altered by RBM20 missense mutations was investigated by aligning our translated RBM20 cDNA sequence with RBM20 protein sequences of other species.

Results Phenotype of Index Families

Clinical data and DNA samples were collected from 2 large families in which a clinically aggressive form of DCM segregated as an autosomal-dominant trait (FIG. 4A, FIG. 4B, Table 2). Kindred DC-12 was recruited for the study in 1991, when an unaffected family member sought medical genetics consultation. The patriarch (FIG. 4A: I.1) was of Scottish ancestry and died suddenly at age 39 years. Ten family members developed documented DCM, 2 as young children (mean age at diagnosis: 30.0 years). Two underwent cardiac transplantation as young adults, and all but 3 have died of their disease (mean age at death: 37.7 years). Kindred DC-35 was recruited in 2005, after a diagnostic screening echocardiogram in the proband (FIG. 4B: III.17) whose father died suddenly at age 29 years. The family was of Norwegian ancestry and comprised 12 relatives with documented DCM (mean age at diagnosis: 41.3 years) and 5 others with DCM and/or sudden death by history alone. Seven family members with confirmed or suspected DCM died at a mean age of 45.7 years. Five living relatives with DCM had received implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs).

DCM Locus Mapping

Genome-wide linkage analyses, followed by regional high-density genotyping on chromosome 10, identified a peak 2-point LOD score of 3.55 at marker D10S1269 in DC-12 and 4.55 at marker D10S221 in DC-35. Linkage to other regions of the genome with 2-point LOD scores >1.0 was excluded by multipoint and/or haplotype analyses with additional markers (data not shown). Fine mapping in DC-12 identified a disease-associated haplotype on chromosome 10q25.1-q26.2 (FIG. 4A), a region spanning 19.3 Mb, which was inherited by all affected subjects (peak multipoint LOD score 3.62 for all subjects, assuming 100% mutation penetrance, and 2.67 for affected subjects only). A recombination event within this interval occurred in a 43-year-old woman with a normal echocardiogram (III.14). The critical region narrowed to 4.6 Mb, assuming she did not inherit the disease-associated mutation. Fine mapping in DC-35 identified an overlapping disease-associated haplotype (FIG. 4B) spanning 22.8 Mb (peak multipoint LOD score 4.89 for all subjects, assuming 100% mutation penetrance, and 3.58 for affected subjects only). The haplotypes were different for each family, suggesting they did not share common ancestry, yet the overlapping disease loci raised the possibility of a shared DCM gene.

TABLE 2 Phenotypic and Genetic Data for Families With DCM. Age at Pedigree Age at Evaluation Other (Country Diagnosis (yrs) LVID LVEF ECG, Diagnostic of Origin) (yrs) (Indication) (mm) (%) Arrhythmia Testing DC-12 (Scotland) II.5 — 58 (F)  55/31 68 Normal II.9 53 53 (R) 64*/53* 39 LVH, PVC II.10 44 45 (S) Severe LVSD AF, PVC LVE* III.2 28 28 (S) III.3 37 37 (F) 62*/57* 15 LAD, VT Neg. angio III.5 30 (R)  40/24 64 Normal III.8 36 (F)  43/30 51 Normal III.9 30's 36 (S) LBBB III.11 33 33 (F) 72*/62* 26 LVH, IVCD III.13 29 29 (S) III.14 43 (F)  51/36 50 Normal III.15 24 25 (F) 88*/79* 15 LVH, IVCD III.16 14 14 (F)→22 57*/41*→ 48→ Short PR, 57*/41* 45 SVT IV.1  3  3 (F)→12 44*/30*→ 50→ Short PR, 62*/40* 64 LVH DC-35 (Norway) III.1 55 55 (F)  47/39* 46 PAC Neg. stress imaging III.6 45 45 (S)→ 70*/→ 10→ LAE, IVCD, Neg. angio 55 60*/50* 30 ST-T III.7 60 (F)  44/29 60 Normal III.8 60 (F)  39/29 60 III.9 52 (F) Normal 65 Normal III.10 51 (HTN)  44/28 67 III.11 55 55 (S) 72*/63* 20 Short PR, IVCD, ST-T, VT III.12 47 47 (A) III.14 46 52 (F) 63*/51* 30 III.15 51 (F)  54/27 55 III.17 48 48 (F) 61*/44* 45 IVCD, ST-T, Neg. angio VT IV.1 50 50 (S) 64*/55* 20 LAD, LAE, Neg. angio ST-T IV.2 37 37 (S) Severe 15 LAE, LAD Neg. angio, LVE* CK 102 U/l IV.3 44 (F) 56*/36 65 Normal IV.4 44 (F)  51/32 52 Normal IV.5 40 40 (F) 56*/43* 40 Normal Neg. stress imaging; CK 70 U/l, cTnI < 0.3 ng/ml IV.6 24 (F) 54*/35 58 Normal Neg. stress imaging IV.7 23 (F)  39/27 65 IV.8 18 18 (F) 61*/51* 37 IVCD, LVH Neg. angio IV.9 30 30 (R) 63*/45* 42 Normal IV.10 24 24 (R) 59/46* 45 LVH DC-50 (Germany) II.3 49 52 (S)→ 68*/62*→ 17→ LVH, ST-T, Neg. angio, 60 71*/65* 15 AF, VT, VF CK 43 U/l, cTnI < 0.5 ng/ml II.5 29 29 (S) ST-T, VT, CK 29 U/l VF III.3 25 25 (R) → 55*/45*→ 33→ LVH 42  51/— 40 III.4 29 29 (R)→  45/35→ 40→ ST-T 44  52/38* 49 III.5 15 15 (S) 75*/68* 18 LVH, ST-T, VT III.6 29 (R)  51/28 70 Normal III.7 27 (R)  50/32 60 Normal III.8 21 27 (R)→ 54*/40*→ 51→ Short PR, 37 56*/46* 35 SVT IV.1 17 17 (S)  51/40* 40 LVH, SVT DC-46 (Germany) IV.1 26 18 (F)→  53/36→ 58→ ST-T cTnT < 0.03 26 56*/46* 30 ng/ml DC-49 (Germany) II.2 40 40 (S)→ 71*/64*→ 10→ LVH, ST-T, 45 65*/52* 20 IVCD, VT II.3 39 39 (F)→ 63*/49*→ 43→ VT Neg. angio 44  52/42 45 DC-27 (Norway) II.6 70 80 (S) 63*/— 25 SB, AF III.2 64 (F) 55*/40* 50 IRBBB III.3 59 III.5 55 59 (F) 59*/44* 44 1° AVB, Neg. angio RBBB, VT III.8 50 (F)  45/— 60 Normal III.10 39 (F)  54/38* 55 IV.1 35 35 (S) 68*/55* 38 LVH, ST-T Neg. angio IV.5 27 36 (S) 72*/65* 23 LAD, IVCD, Neg. angio ST-T IV.7 28 (R)  50/33 66 Normal IV.9 15 (F) 52*/34 57 Normal DC-09 (Norway) III.2 57 57 (R)→ 58*/46*→ 35→ Short PR, 68 59*/49* 34 PVC III.4 Neg. angio IV.2 17 17 (S) 68*/60* 22 LVH, ST-T IV.3 27 (R)  50/32 60 Normal IV.4 24 (R)  53/33 61 Normal IV.6 19 20 (S) DC-22 (England) II.2 44 45 (S) 53*/44* 25 ST-T, VT Neg. angio II.3 27 27 (S) III.1 21 21 (F) 53*/39* 35 ST-T III.2 20 20 (F)  48/34* 46 Short PR Neg. stress imaging Pedigree RBM20 (Country Mutation of Origin) Treatment Outcome Pathology Diagnosis Status DC-12 (Scotland) II.5 None Alive 58 yrs Unaffected Normal II.9 Death 58 yrs DCM P638L II.10 D, F CHF, death Autopsy: congestive DCM P638L 45 yrs myopathy, fibrosis, (inferred) myocyte hypertrophy, no CAD III.2 SD 28 yrs Autopsy: EFE, DCM P638L congestive myopathy, no CAD III.3 D, B Death 41 yrs Autopsy: mild DCM P638L fibrosis III.5 Death 38 yrs Autopsy: normal Uncertain Normal LV and cardiac (suspected mass, no CAD arrhythmia) III.8 None Alive 39 yrs Unaffected Normal III.9 Transplant Death 36 yrs DCM P638L 36 yrs III.11 D, C Alive 42 yrs DCM P638L III.13 SD 29 yrs Autopsy: CM, mild DCM P638L fibrosis, no CAD III.14 None Alive 46 yrs Unaffected Normal III.15 Transplant Death 27 yrs DCM P638L 26 yrs III.16 D, So Alive 24 yrs DCM P638L IV.1 D, L Alive 12 yrs DCM P638L DC-35 (Norway) III.1 Alive 58 yrs DCM R634Q III.6 D, Cv, L, Alive 55 yrs DCM R634Q Sp, W, ICD (EF, FH) III.7 None Alive 62 yrs Unaffected Normal III.8 None Alive 60 yrs Unaffected Normal III.9 None Alive 56 yrs Unaffected Normal III.10 None Alive 52 yrs Unaffected Normal III.11 D, Cv, L, Alive 55 yrs DCM R634Q ICD (EF, FH, VT) III.12 Death 47 yrs Autopsy: CM and DCM LV dilation III.14 ICD (EF, Alive 52 yrs DCM R634Q FH) III.15 None Alive 51 yrs Unaffected Normal III.17 M, L, ICD Alive 49 yrs DCM R634Q (FH) IV.1 Cv, L Alive 52 yrs DCM R634Q IV.2 D, E, W CHF, death Biopsy: myocyte DCM 37 yrs hypertrophy, mild fibrosis IV.3 None Alive 48 yrs Uncertain Normal IV.4 None Alive 46 yrs Unaffected Normal IV.5 M, L Alive 44 yrs DCM R634Q IV.6 None Alive 27 yrs Uncertain R634Q IV.7 None Alive 23 yrs Unaffected Normal IV.8 Cv, L, ICD Alive 19 yrs DCM (FH, EF) IV.9 Alive 30 yrs DCM R634Q IV.10 Alive 24 yrs DCM R634Q DC-50 (Germany) II.3 D, F, P, C, CHF, death Autopsy: sev. CM, DCM P638L A, W, ICD 60 yrs mild fibrosis (Sy, FH) II.5 D, P, PC CHF, death DCM P638L 29 yrs (inferred) III.3 D, Cv, L Alive 42 yrs DCM P638L III.4 Cv, E Alive 44 yrs DCM P638L III.5 D, L, W, N, CHF, SD 18 Biopsy: myocyte DCM Mx yrs hypertrophy, mild fibrosis III.6 None Alive 46 yrs Unaffected Normal III.7 None Alive 36 yrs Unaffected Normal III.8 Cv, L Alive 38 yrs DCM P638L IV.1 M, E Alive 22 yrs DCM P638L DC-46 (Germany) IV.1 Cv, L, ICD Alive 27 yrs DCM R636S (EF, FH) DC-49 (Germany) II.2 D, M, L, Sp, Alive 45 yrs DCM R636H F, W, Mx, ICD (CA) II.3 Cv, Rm, Cn Alive 44 yrs DCM R636H DC-27 (Norway) II.6 D, Cv, L, F, CHF, death DCM R636S W 85 yrs III.2 Cv Alive 64 yrs Uncertain R636S III.3 None SD 59 yrs Autopsy: CM, LVE, DCM R636S CAD but no acute (inferred) MI, fibrosis III.5 Cv Alive 60 yrs DCM R636S III.8 None Alive 55 yrs Unaffected Normal III.10 None Alive 47 yrs Uncertain R636S IV.1 Cv, L Alive 36 yrs DCM R636S IV.5 Cv, Ln Alive 37 yrs Biopsy: myocyte DCM R636S hypertrophy, mod. fibrosis IV.7 None Alive 31 yrs Unaffected Normal IV.9 None Alive 18 yrs Uncertain R636S DC-09 (Norway) III.2 D, E, F, A Alive 68 yrs DCM R636S III.4 Alive 68 yrs DCM (by R636S history) IV.2 D, H, N, F, CHF, SD DCM W 18 yrs IV.3 None Alive 38 yrs Unaffected R636S IV.4 None Alive 36 yrs Unaffected Normal IV.6 Transplant Alive 43 yrs DCM R636S 20 yrs DC-22 (England) II.2 D, F, A, Cv, CHF, alive DCM S637G Ln, ICD 54 yrs (EF, FH) II.3 Transplant Alive 49 yrs DCM S637G 32 yrs III.1 Cv, L Alive 28 yrs DCM S637G III.2 Cv Alive 23 yrs DCM S637G Indication for evaluation: A = autopsy; F = family history; HTN = hypertension; S = symptoms; R = research study. Echocardiography: LVE = left ventricular enlargement; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction (normal ≧ 50%); LVID = left ventricular internal dimension in diastole/systole; LVSD = left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Electrocardiogram, arrhythmia: 1° AVB = first degree atrioventricular block; AF = atrial fibrillation; IRBBB = incomplete right bundle branch block; IVCD = intraventricular conduction delay; LAD = left axis deviation; LAE = left atrial enlargement; LBBB = left bundle branch block; LVH = left ventricular hypertrophy; PAC = premature atrial contractions; PR = PR interval; PVC = premature ventricular contractions; SB = sinus bradycardia; ST-T = nonspecific ST-T wave changes; SVT = supraventricular tachycardia; VF = ventricular fibrillation; VT = ventricular tachycardia. Other diagnostic testing: CK = creatine kinase; cTnI = cardiac troponin I; cTnT = cardiac troponin T; Neg. angio = no significant coronary artery disease on angiography. Treatment: A = amiodarone; B = benazepril; C = captopril; Cn = candesartan; Cv = carvedilol; D = digoxin; E = enalapril; F = furosemide; H = hydralazine; ICD = implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; L = lisinopril; Ln = losartan; M = metoprolol; Mx = mexiletine; N = nitroglycerin; P = propranolol; PC = procainamide; Rm = ramipril; So = sotalol; Sp = spironolactone; Transplant = cardiac transplantation; W = warfarin. Indication for ICD (in parentheses): CA = cardiac arrest; EF = ejection fraction; FH = family history; Sy = syncope; VT = ventricular tachycardia. Outcome: CHF = congestive heart failure; SD = sudden death. Pathology: CAD = coronary artery disease; CM = cardiomegaly; EFE = endocardial fibroelastosis; MI = myocardial infarction; mod. = moderate; Sev. = severe. *Left ventricular internal dimension measurement in diastole/systole >95th percentile, on the basis of body surface area and age.

Mutation Identification

Candidate genes were selected from the 19.3-Mb critical region in DC-12, comprising more than 150 genes, on the basis of cardiac expression and/or physiologic rationale. Mutations within exons of 25 genes were excluded by DNA sequencing (Table 3). RBM20, a gene with unknown function, was included on the basis of its genomic location and expression pattern. Among 12 human tissues, RBM20 is most highly expressed in the heart, with transcript abundance 4-fold greater in cardiac than in skeletal muscle according to GEO array data. Moreover, it is 1 of only 19 genes with a mean expression in the heart >8-fold higher than the combined mean expression in 11 other tissues. Similarly, among 61 murine tissues it is most highly expressed in heart (>5-fold skeletal muscle). Sequencing of the 14 exons of RBM20 identified a distinct heterozygous missense mutation in exon 9 in each family, resulting in a P638L substitution in DC-12 and a R634Q substitution in DC-35 (FIG. 1 and FIG. 3A). Mutations cosegregated with the disease phenotype and were absent in unaffected family members and 480 ethnically matched control subjects.

TABLE 3 Candidate Genes at 10q26 Locus Excluded by Genomic DNA Sequencing. Chromosome Symbol Description location (bp) Family XPNPEP1 X-prolyl aminopeptidase 111614514- 12 (aminopeptidase P) 1, soluble 111673192 ADD3 adducin 3 (gamma) 111755716- 12 111885313 MXI1 MAX interactor 1 111957353- 12 112037113 SMNDC1 survival motor neuron domain 112042788- 12, 35 containing 1 112054687 DUSP5 dual specificity phosphatase 5 112247615- 12, 35 112261292 PDCD4 programmed cell death 4 112621586- 12 (neoplastic transformation 112649754 inhibitor) SHOC2 soc-2 suppressor of clear 112713903- 12, 35 homolog (C. elegans) 112763413 ADRA2A adrenergic, alpha-2A-, receptor 112826911- 12 112830560 GPAM glycerol-3-phosphate 113899612- 12 acyltransferase, mitochondrial 113933508 ACSL5 acyl-CoA synthetase long- 114123906- 12 chain family member 5 114178128 VTI1A vesicle transport through 114196746- 12, 35 interaction with t-SNAREs 114568493 homolog 1A (yeast) ADRB1 adrenergic, beta-1-, receptor 115793796- 12 115796657 ABLIM1 actin binding LIM protein 1 116180859- 12 116434404 PNLIP pancreatic lipase 118295418- 12, 35 118317357 HSPA12A heat shock 70 kDa protein 12A 118420693- 12, 35 118492075 KCNK18 potassium channel, subfamily K, 118946990- 12, 35 member 18 118959800 SLC18A2 solute carrier family 18 (vesicular 118990706- 12 monoamine), member 2 119027085 PRDX3 peroxiredoxin 3 120917205- 12, 35 120928335 GRK5 G protein-coupled receptor 120957187- 12, 35 kinase 5 121205121 RGS10 regulator of G-protein 121249329- 12 signaling 10 121292212 BAG3 BCL2-associated athanogene 3 121400872- 12, 35 121427321 ATE1 arginyltransferase 1 123492615- 12, 35 123677536 TACC2* transforming, acidic coiled-coil 123738679- 12, 35 containing protein 2 124004047 PLEKHA1 pleckstrin homology domain 124124210- 12, 35 containing, family A 124181856 (phosphoinositide binding specific) member 1 ADAM12* ADAM metallopeptidase 127693415- 12 domain 12 (meltrin alpha) 128067055

To determine whether RBM20 mutations were present in other cases of DCM, the 14 coding exons in the remaining cohort of 278 subjects were screened using DHPLC. Three unique heterozygous missense mutations—R636S, R636H, and S637G—were identified in 6 other families, all clustered within exon 9 (FIG. 5 and FIG. 6A). Among the 8 families with RBM20 mutations, 2 had an identical mutation resulting in P638L substitution, and 3 had an identical mutation resulting in R636S substitution. Haplotype analysis (Tables 4A and 4B) excluded a common ancestral founder for the P638L substitution. These tables list the genotypes in order from the 5′ to 3′ ends of the gene and identified mutations within exon 9 are also indicated. The alleles that comprise the disease-associated haplotype are indicated by underlined and bold font. In Table 4B, frequency data for the shared allele in a White European population sample are shown following the SNP accession number (accessed from the SNP link on the NCBI Web site). Although the disease-associated haplotypes were the same in the 3 families with an R636S substitution, the majority of individual alleles comprising the haplotype are the most common variants within a white European population. Consequently, a founder effect could not be conclusively established. Mutations were absent in control samples and cosegregated with DCM in the 7 families where DNA samples were available from 2 or more affected subjects. Combined peak 2-point LOD scores for mutations versus DCM in the 4 largest families (DC-12, DC-35, DC-27, DC-50) ranged from 8.02 (affected subjects only) to 11.49 (all subjects, assuming 100% mutation penetrance).

TABLE 4A RBM20 Haplotypes for P638L Substitution. DC-12 DC-50 RBM20 Variant II.9 III.15 II.11 II.3 III.2 Intron 2 + 34 (ENSSNP311449; SEQ ID NO: 44) T/ C C/ C T/ T C/ T Intron 2 + 36 (ENSSNP10311387; SEQ ID NO: 45) G/ A A/ A G/ G A/ G Intron 5 (TCTA)-repeat (rs10554324; SEQ ID NO: 46)  2/2 1/2 1/1 2/1 Intron 8 + 23 (rs11195338; SEQ ID NO: 47) T/ C C/ C T/ T C/ T Exon 9 c.1913 (mutation) C > T C > T C/C C > T C > T Exon 14 + 94 (rs942077; SEQ ID NO: 48) C/ G C/ G C/C C/ C C/ C

TABLE 4B RBM20 Haplotypes forR636S Substitution. DC- DC-27 46 DC-9 RBM20 Variant III.5 IV.5 III.6 II.6 IV.1 III.2 IV.3 III.1 Intron 3 + 32 (rs6585012; SEQ ID A/ A A/ A G/ A G/ A A/ A NO: 49; 0.78) Intron 3 + 160 (rs1570426; SEQ ID A/ G G/ G G/ G G/ G G/ G NO: 50; 0.89) Intron 3-36 (rs7898438; SEQ ID A/ C C/ C A/ C A/ C C/ C NO: 51; 0.58) Intron 5 + 8 (rs7077757; SEQ ID T/ C C/ C C/ C C/ C C/ C NO: 52; 0.78) Intron 5 (TCTA)-repeat 1/1 1/1 1/1 1/1 2/1 (rs10554324; SEQ ID NO: 53) Intron 6 + 108 (rs6585014; SEQ ID C/ T C/ T C/C C/ T C/ T C/ T C/ T C/C NO: 54; 0.12) Intron 6-131 (rs7086886; SEQ ID A/ G G/ G G/ G A/ G G/ G NO: 55; 0.74) Intron 8 + 23 (rs11195338; SEQ ID T/ C T/ C C/T C/ C T/ C C/ C C/ C NO: 56; 0.42) Exon 9 c.1906 (mutation) C > A C > A C/C C > A C > A C > A C > A C/C Cardiac mRNA Expression and Protein Structure Analysis

RBM20 comprises, on the basis of the predicted reference cDNA (mRNA), 14 exons (FIG. 6B). Portions of exons 2 and 14 and all of exons 3 through 13 were verified in a single open reading frame cDNA derived from oligo(dT)-primed heart RNA (FIG. 6B). This confirmed that these exons are transcribed and spliced into mRNA in the heart, including exon 9, which contained the cluster of identified RBM20 mutations. A Conserved Domain Database search of the translated reference RBM20 cDNA indicated homology to an RNA Recognition Motif 1 Superfamily domain spanning exons 6 and 7 (e-value=0.005) and a U1 zinc finger domain (e-value=2e⁻⁴) spanning exons 13 and 14. Additionally, exon 9 encodes an arginine/serine (RS)-rich domain, which is disrupted by the 5 identified unique missense mutations. Each resultant amino acid substitution alters a residue in RBM20 conserved among diverse species (FIG. 6C).

Genotype-Phenotype Correlation

RBM20 mutations were associated with clinically aggressive DCM. Collectively, the 39 subjects in our 8 families with a mutation and confirmed DCM were diagnosed 9 years earlier than a comparable series of patients with sporadic and familial DCM who underwent family screening (mean age at diagnosis 35.9 vs. 45.2 years) (Michels et al., N. Engl. J. Med. 326:77-82 (1992)). Death occurred in 11 (mean age 45.2 years) and was deemed sudden in 3; 4 underwent cardiac transplantation (mean age 28.5 years); and 8 underwent insertion of an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD). Subjects who enrolled in our study, however, did not fully represent the malignant nature of their familial disease as revealed by their pedigrees. Among the 32 additional relatives with suspected DCM by family history, for whom medical records were unavailable and/or mutation status could not be determined, 13 died suddenly (mean age 32.7 years), 3 underwent cardiac transplantation, and 3 had ICD insertion. There were no consistent electrocardiographic features in subjects with an RBM20 mutation; 9 had ventricular tachycardia. Variable degrees of myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis were observed on histopathological analysis. Most enrolled subjects with accessible follow-up data had advanced disease and exhibited minimal improvement or further deterioration on medical treatment, although drug therapy was highly variable. Correlation between RBM20 mutations and phenotype was not without exception, however. There were 5 female subjects who inherited a mutation but did not fulfill diagnostic criteria for DCM: 1 subject in DC-35 (age 24 years) and 3 subjects in DC-27 (ages 15, 39, and 64 years) had left ventricular enlargement with normal ejection fraction; 1 subject in DC-9 (age 27 years) had a normal echocardiogram. No overt noncardiac phenotypes were evident among subjects with RBM20 mutations.

Conclusion

Five unique RBM20 mutations identified in 8 families are clustered within a single exon that encodes an RS-rich domain and were associated with clinically aggressive DCM. In the cohort, this mutation hotspot accounted for 3% (8 of 280) of all DCM cases, 5% (8 of 151) of confirmed or suspected familial cases, and 13% (7 of 54) cases with a history of sudden death. This study identified 68% of the subjects in eight families who were asymptomatic and first diagnosed with DCM on the basis of a screening echocardiogram, highlighting the importance of family screening. Despite the lack of symptoms, the identified RBM20 mutations were highly penetrant, and only 5 of 44 individuals with a mutation did not fulfill diagnostic criteria for DCM.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

It is to be understood that while the invention has been described in conjunction with the detailed description thereof, the foregoing description is intended to illustrate and not limit the scope of the invention, which is defined by the scope of the appended claims. Other aspects, advantages, and modifications are within the scope of the following claims. 

1. A method for assessing a human for the presence of or an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy, wherein said method comprises: (a) determining whether or not said human contains a mutation in a nucleic acid encoding a ribonucleic acid binding motif protein 20 (RBM20), wherein said mutation is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, (b) classifying said human as having or as being at an increased risk of developing said dilated cardiomyopathy if said mutation is present, and (c) classifying said human as not having or as not being at an increased risk of developing said dilated cardiomyopathy if said mutation is absent.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein said mutation corresponds to a nucleotide change of SEQ ID NO:2 at position 1901, 1906, 1907, 1909, or
 1913. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein said determining step comprises an in situ hybridization or a nucleic acid detection assay.
 4. A method for assessing a human for the presence of or an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy, wherein said method comprises: (a) determining whether or not said human contains a mutation in the amino acid sequence of a ribonucleic acid binding motif protein 20 (RBM20), wherein said mutation is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, (b) classifying said human as having or as being at an increased risk of developing said dilated cardiomyopathy if said mutation is present, and (c) classifying said human as not having or as not being at an increased risk of developing said dilated cardiomyopathy if said mutation is absent.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein said mutation is within the arginine/serine-rich domain of RBM20.
 6. The method of claim 4, wherein said mutation corresponds to an amino acid change of SEQ ID NO:3 at position 634, 636, 637, or
 638. 7. The method of claim 4, wherein said human has a family history of cardiomyopathy, heart failure, or sudden death at an early age.
 8. The method of claim 4, wherein said method further comprises recording an echocardiogram or performing electrocardiography.
 9. An antibody that binds to an RBM20 variant polypeptide and not a polypeptide consisting of SEQ ID NO:3.
 10. A kit comprising a pair of primers designed to amplify position 1901, 1906, 1907, 1909, or 1913 of SEQ ID NO:2 or a probe to detect a sequence variant at position 1901, 1906, 1907, 1909, or 1913 or SEQ ID NO:2.
 11. A method for assessing a human for the presence of or an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy, wherein said method comprises: (a) detecting the presence of a mutation in a RBM20 nucleic acid of said human, wherein said mutation is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, and (b) classifying said human as having or as being at an increased risk of developing said dilated cardiomyopathy.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said mutation corresponds to a nucleotide change of SEQ ID NO:2 at position 1901, 1906, 1907, 1909, or
 1913. 13. The method of claim 11, wherein said determining step comprises an in situ hybridization or a nucleic acid detection assay.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein said method comprises assessing said human for the presence of dilated cardiomyopathy and classifying said human as having said dilated cardiomyopathy.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein said method comprises assessing said human for an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy and classifying said human as being at an increased risk of developing said dilated cardiomyopathy.
 16. A method for assessing a human for the presence of or an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy, wherein said method comprises: (a) determining that said human contains a mutation in a RBM20 nucleic acid, wherein said mutation is associated with dilated cardiomyopathy, and (b) diagnosing said human as having or as being at an increased risk of developing said dilated cardiomyopathy based at least in part of the presence of said mutation.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein said mutation corresponds to a nucleotide change of SEQ ID NO:2 at position 1901, 1906, 1907, 1909, or
 1913. 18. The method of claim 16, wherein said determining step comprises an in situ hybridization or a nucleic acid detection assay.
 19. The method of claim 16, wherein said method comprises assessing said human for the presence of dilated cardiomyopathy and diagnosing said human as having said dilated cardiomyopathy.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein said method comprises assessing said human for an increased risk of developing dilated cardiomyopathy and diagnosing said human as being at an increased risk of developing said dilated cardiomyopathy. 